Can SOC Operators Explain their Decisions while Triaging Alarms? A Real-World Study
Moosmann, J., Pekaric, I., Apruzzese, G., Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment, 2026 Conference
Oneliner: Apparently, the operators of our examined SOC mostly rely on 'gut feelings'.
Abstract. Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are pivotal in modern enterprises. Tasked to monitor complex network environments constantly under attack, SOCs can be active 24/7 and can include hundreds of operators supported by state-of-the-art technologies. Abundant research has studied the internal processes of SOCs, highlighting their pros and cons, as well as the challenges faced by SOC analysts—such as dealing with the overwhelming number of false alarms triggered by automated security mechanisms. In this context, we wonder: given that “someone” must triage the alarms, and that such triaging must be grounded on established knowledge or evidence-based reasoning, can SOC employees justify why a certain decision was taken while triaging alarms? Answering such a research question (RQ) can better guide future efforts.
We hence tackle this RQs. First, via a systematic literature review across 257 research documents, we provide evidence that such RQ received limited attention so far. Then, we partner-up with a real-world SOC and carry out a field study (n=12) with SOC employees. We show them real alarms raised in their SOC, and inquire whether such alarms are indicative of true security problems or not. Then, we ask to explain their decision. We found that while most analysts were able to separate “true from false” alarms (the decision was correct in 83% of the cases), a correct justification was hardly provided (only 39% of the provided explanations reflected the actual root cause). Ultimately, our results highlight the need for decision-support systems that help SOC analysts not only make the right call—but also understand and articulate why it is right.